Yom Kippur 5784
- Torah Tavlin
- Oct 11, 2024
- 3 min read
Updated: Apr 7
יום הכיפורים
"קול נדרי"
The Mishnah[שבת קנז.] says that on שבת, one may not beמפיר (annul) a vow of a wife or a daughter nor may one ask a חכם orב"ד for a release (התרת נדרים), unless this release is needed for צורך שבת. There are 3 reasons given for this issur: 1)התרת נדרים is a טרחה יתירה. 2)ממצוא חפציך ודבר דבר . 3) a release needs to be done before aחכם or 3 people (ב"ד) and this looks like a דין תורה, which isאסור to do on Shabbos. מפרשים discuss that if releasing aנדר on שבת ויו"ט is assur, how are we permitted to say כל נדרי on Yom Kippur night?
The רא"ש [יומא פ"ח, כח'] brings [נדרים כג:] שיטת ר"ת that he has seen in Yom Kippur Machzorim inכל נדרי they have the נוסח, "מיוה"כ שעבר, עד יוה"כ הבא..".ר"ת raises a number of issues with thisנוסח and concludes that כל נדרי is referring to all future נדרים that we might make and the proper נוסח should be "מיוה"כ הזה עד יוה"כ הבא עלינו לטובה". This solves our problem, because as the sugya in Nedarim teaches us, future Nedarim may be dealt with on שבת ויו"ט. The רא"ש himself adds, that מנהג קדמונים did have the נוסח of מיוה"כ שעבר and that is theנוסח he prefers as well. Therefore, says the Rosh, since it is assur to be מתיר נדרים on Yom Tov, we should be careful to say כל נדרי earlier, before ברכו.
The [תריט, א'] רמ"א says we areנוהג to reciteכל נדרי while it is still daytime. The משנ"ב adds that even though we say theנוסח of ר"ת and we are referring to future vows which is מותר to do on Yom Tov, still since it looks like הפרת נדרים which is assur to do on יו"ט, we say it early before Yom Tov starts. There are those that are נוהג to say תפילת זכה on Yom Kippur night before כל נדרי. In this Tefila we say the words "הנה אני מקבל עלי קדושת יום הכפורים". This needs clarification, because based on the above, Kol Nidrei should be said prior to קבלת יו"ט.
The [ח"ט סו"ס סא'] מנחת יצחק brings the של"ה that says even though in כל נדרי we annul all future vows until the coming Yom Kippur, we still perform התרת נדרים on erev Rosh Hashanah, because of זריזין מקדימין. The מנחת יצחק says this is צ"ב, because if in last year’s Kol Nidrei we included all Nedarim until next Yom Kippur, then erev Rosh Hashana is within that time frame, so there is no need to do התרת נדרים yet and certainly זריזין מקדימין isn’t even applicable? He brings the [יו"ד ס' רי"א,א] שו"ע that paskens if one says a נדר that I will take should not be a נדר, then when he makes that נדר, it is not a נדר. But he must be "הוציא בשפתיו". If he just thinks this, it’s דברים שבלב and the נדר will be valid. The מחבר brings a י"א that even if he says it, but "בלחש" (quietly), it is still considered דברים שבלב. So, maybe based on this י"א, that even saying quietly is considered דברים שבלב so, since we are נוהג to only say along כל נדרי with the chazzan quietly (עיין מטה אפרים שלא יבלבל דעת החזן והקהל), we are חושש for this י"א and we are מתיר נדרים a different time בקול רם. So, says the של"ה, this is done immediately on erev Rosh Hashana because of זריזין מקדימין למצות.